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INDIANS 

AT  •  WORK 


OCTOBER    15,  1937 

A  NEWS  SHEET   FOR  INDIANS 
AND  THE  INDIAN  SERVICE 

OF- INDIAN -AFFAIR 

WASHINGTON,  D.C. 


IMPORTANT  NOTICE 

Since  the  demand  for  "INDIANS  AT  WORK"  grows  and  since  the 
total  number  issued  must  remain  fixed,  we  have  "been  revising  our 
mailing  list  with  the  objective  of  curtailing  it  to  those  who 
really  read  "INDIANS  AT  WORK."  Form  letters  were  sent  out  in 
August  to  our  entire  mailing  list  with  the  request  that  the  re- 
cipients state  whether  they  wished  to  be  retained  on  the  list 
and  that  they  return  the  form  by  September  15.  Most  of  these 
forms  have  been  returned.  Those  who  have  not  replied,  and  who 
do  not  reply  by  November  1,  we  shall  be  obliged  to  drop  from 
the  list ,  in  order  to  make  room  for  new  applicants. 


]ND   UNS         AT         IORK 
CONTENTS  OF  THE   ISSUE  OF  OCTOBER  15,   1937 

Volume  V  Number  2 

Page 

Editorial John  Collier 1 

Cover  Design 6 

American  Indian  Day  Celebrated  September  25  7 

Columbus  Liked  Indians 9 

Indian  Service  Hospital  Standards  Improve 11 

Indian  Service  Employees'  First  Responsibility 

To  Their  Superintendent 14 

In  Maine D'Arcy  McNickle  15 

CCC  At  The  Alabama-Coushat ta  Reservation, 

Livingston,  Texas  Clenson  Sylestine  18 

Pamphlet  On  Blackf oot  Indian  Peace  Council 19 

Irrigation  In  Arizona  A  Thousand  Years  Old 19 

Trailers  For  CCC  Work  On  The  Blackf eet 

Reservation  In  Montana  20 

The  Arapaho  Cannery  -  How  It  Works 21 

Daughters  Of  The  American  Revolution  Offer 

Help  In  Indian  Service  Program 23 

Various  Tribes  Pass  Resolutions  Affirming  Faith 

In  Indian  Re  o reaniz at i  on  Act 24 

A  Camp  For  Indian  Children 25 

Miniature  Object-Lessons  In  Housing Martha  Jane  Bucher 26 

Wakpala'  s  Subsistence  Garden  Successful  Fred  Anderson 27 

News  From  The  Muddy  Creek  Day  School • 30 

Red  Shirt  Table  Sioux  Maintain  Nisht  Watch  To 

Save  Young  Turkeys • 32 

The  Jemez  Yucca  Ring-Basket Ten  Broeck  Williamson  .......  33 

Personnel  Changes •  35 

CCC,  Work  Centers  Around  Soil  Saving  At  Shawnee, 

Oklahoma Robert  Keokuk 36 

A  Story  Of  Indian  Fidelity  Joseph  Henry  Kilbuck  38 

CCC  On  San  Carlos  Reservation Louis  Moses 39 

Who's  Who  4° 

Two  Survivors  Of  The  Battle  Of  The  Little 

Big  Horn Frank  White  Buffalo  Man 41 

CCC  -  ID  Helps  In  Tick  Eradication J.  E.  Farley  42 

Notes  From  CCC  -  ID  43 


VOLUME.    3 


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President  Roosevelt  at  Bcnneville  Dam  discussed  regional 
planning.  Here,  he  pointed  out,  was  the  beginning  of  true  decen- 
tralization. Regional  planning  means  the  gradual  development  of 
programs  native  to  local  areas,  reflecting  local  experience  and 
need,  and  representing  the  increasing  team-action  of  the  subdivi- 
sions of  government  and  ultimately  of  the  people  themselves  with- 
in the  areas.  Such  regional  planning  would  put  an  end  to  wholesale 
and  cataclysmic  changes  of  policy  decreed  at  Washington  or  incident 
to  national  political  turnovers.  President  Roosevelt  was  talking 
about  regional  planning  comprehensively,  but  every  word  that  he 
said  might  have  been  used  about  Indian  Service,  had  he  been  talk- 
ing of  Indian  Service  particularly. 

Regional  planning  ultimately  means  decentralization  of 
authority  into  regions. 


Regional  and  local-area  planning  and  management  are  at 
the  heart  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act,  hut  they  would  he 

hardly  less  imperative  if  there  existed  no  Indian  Reorganization 
Act. 

The  Great  Plains  Indian  areas  are  one  evident  and  urgent 
case  for  regional  planning. 

The  Lake  States,  so  far  as  Indian  Service  is  concerned, 
are  another. 

The  Southwest  is  a  third. 

Because  watersheds  have  so  profound  a  hearing  upon  human 
groupings  and  economic  life,  they  are  natural  areas  for  regional 
planning.  However,  cultural  conditions,  and  "boundaries  of  exist- 
ing political  subdivisions,  frequently  reach  across  watershed    ' 
limits;  and  again,  within  watersheds  there  are  communities  of  proh- 
lems  more  local  than  the  watersheds  or  "basins  where  they  are  found. 

The  country  is  embarked  upon  an  exploration  into  the 
subject  of  proper  regional  areas,  methods  of  regional  planning, 
and,  above  all,  methods  of  uniting  the  planning  work  of  experts 
with  the  thinking  of  electorates  and  of  "business  groups. 

One  step  toward  regional  planning  was  taken  at  Gallup, 
Few  Mexico,  by  the  Southwestern  Indian  Superintendents,  recently. 
They  proposed  a  Southwestern  Superintendents'  Conference  which 
might  develop  into  an  organization.  Their  suggestion  was  endorsed 


at  headquarters,  and  their  second  meeting  was  held  at  Albuquerque, 
September  18.  Among  other  proposals  adopted  at  Albuquerque,  was 
the  following: 

That  for  the  whole  Southwest  or  a  part  of  it,  there  be 
established  a  control  by  one  Washington  representative  over  the 
supervisory  and  at-large  personnel  of  the  Indian  Service.  This 
Washington  representative  would  make  it  his  business  to  use  the 
supervisory  forces  with  maximum  effect  and  minimum  of  overlapping 
and  conflict.  Already,  for  the  Oklahoma  area,  plans  have  been 
adopted  at  Washington  to  give  to  the  coordinator  the  control  over 
itineraries  of  supervisory  and  at-large  personnel.  The  Superin- 
tendents' proposal,  made  at  Albuquerque,  points  toward  a  genuine 
though  limited  regional ization,  going  beyond  plan-making.   Coming 
from  the  Superintendents,  it  illustrates  the  fact  that  local  jur- 
isdictions know  that  they  need  help  from  the  Washington  divisions 
and  the  field  agents  of  these  divisions,  but  they  want  that  help 
to  be  used  in  a  planned,  integrated  fashion,  pointed  toward  area- 
building  and  region-building.  The  Southwest  Superintendents  will 
continue  to  hold  their  meetings  at  intervals,  and  the  Department 
is  at  one  with  their  thinking  as  here  reported. 


Before  me,  as  I  write,  is  a  stimulating  document,  "Re- 
port on  the  History  and  Contemporary  State  *  *  *  of  Creek  Social 
Organization  and  Government,"  "by  Morris  E.  Opler,  Assistant  Anthro- 
pologist, Indian  Service.  Dr.  Opler1 s  study  is  a  kind  of  human 
archaeology,  which  unearths  the  Creek  towns  -  groupings  which  once 
were  potent  in  the  life  of  the  Creek  Indians  and  which,  Dr.  Opler 

finds,  are  forgotten  only  by  the  white  man  and  not  by  the  Creek 
Indians* 

If  Creek  organization,  in  its  modern  pattern,  should  in- 
corporate the  Creek  towns,  many  people  would  say:   "This  is  going 
hack  to  the  blanket;  this  is  Indianizing  the  Indian;  this  is 
merely  a  revival  of  the  past." 

Everywhere,  such  remarks  are  called  forth  when  Indian 
policy  tries  to  take  account  of  ancient  Indian  realities. 

The  same  individuals  who  make  the  remark  do  not  hesitate 
to  talk  about  "the  Anglo-Saxon  tradition  of  America."  That  tradi- 
tion stems  from  about  the  year  500  A.D. 

They  know  that  the  Constitution  is  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years  old,  and  that  it  was  formulated  by  a  group  of  newly-emanci- 
pated colonies  situated  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  line. 

They  are  weli  aware  that  their  own  moral  and  religious 
sources  are  the  New  and  Old  Testaments,  1900  and  3000  years  old. 


And  the  same  individuals  live  in  a  world  about  which 
Sir  Henry  Maine  made  the  remark:   "Every  idea  that  moves  in  the 
modern  world  is  Greek  in  its  origin." 

And  every  one  of  these  individuals,  in  dealing  with  his 
own  children  (if  he  has  even  a  little  bit  of  scientific  informa- 
tion), knows  that  their  manhood  and  womanhood  personality  is  "being 
"built  up  out  of  types  of  interest  which  relate  themselves  back? 
biologically  and  socially,  to  the  Old  Stone  Age. 

Why  are  Indians  singled  out  as  the  only  people  who  ought 
not  to  have  a  past  -  a  living  past  which  energizes  their  present? 
I  sup-oose  that  the  error  of  thinking  which  so  many  people  apply  to 
Indians  really  is  an  unconscious  hang-over  from  the  decades  when 
Indians  were  looked  upon  as  a  doomed  ra.ce,  made  by  their  racial  In- 
dianhood  incapable  of  doing  business  in  the  modern  world. 

Even  an  anthropologist,  an  eminent  one,  recently  corre- 
sponded with  me  to  the  effect  that  Indian  traditions  in  one  of  the 
most  profoundly  traditional  of  Indian  groups  were  to  become  extinct 
before  fifty  years  have  passed.  That  same  Indian  group  has  been  in 
contact  with  the  white  world  for  three  hundred  years,  has  imported 
white  influences  to  the  heart  of  its  own  culture,  is  making  its 
own  way  in  the  present  world,  and  has  no  idea  of  ceasing  to  be  it- 
self. Tet  the  prophesy  is  made. 


The  Indians  successfully  occupied  this  continent  for 
twelve  or  twenty  thousand  years,  and  they  lived  a  life  "both  good 
and  profound.  They  displayed  unsurpassed  human  qualities  of  loy- 
alty, faithfulness  to  earth  and  man,  faithfulness  to  unseen  powers, 
and  adaptability  to  the  practical. 

Their  social  history  is  no  briefer  than  that  of  the 
white  man.   Indian  policy  must  go  ahead, and  with  greater  resource- 
fulness, finding  and  using  the  potent  elements  that  yet  live  in 
the  Indian  spirit  and  social  memory. 


Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs 


COVER  DESIGN:  WHITE  BUFFALO  CALF  SAID  TO  PRESAGE  GOOD  TIMES 

On  the  cover  of  this  issue  of  "Indians  At  Work"  is  a  photograph 
of  the  white  buffalo  calf  which  was  bred  by  the  U.  S.  Biological  Survey  on 
the  bison  range  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Flathead  Reservation,  Montana. 
White  buffalo  have  always  been  prized  by  Plains  Indians  and  the  news  of  the 
birth  of  this  calf,  which  has  spread  to  nearby  reservations,  has  been  re- 
garded by  many  of  the  local  Indians  as  an  omen  of  fine  crops  and  good  times 
to  come. 

6 


AMERICAN  INDIAN  DAY  CELEBRATED  IK  NEW  YORK  STATE   SEPTEMBER  25; 
CHESTER  E.  FARIS  REPRESENTS  COMMISSIONER  COLLIER 


American  Indian  Day,  sponsored  "by  the  Neighborhood  Indian  Society 
of  Rochester,  with  Dr.  Arthur  C.  Parker  as  chairman,  was  celebrated  on  Sept- 
ember 25  at  a  gathering  of  some  3,000  in  Ellison  Park,  near  Rochester,  New 
York.   In  the  course  of  the  celebration,  a  group  of  Senecas  took  part  in  a 
colorful  thanksgiving  ceremony  and  whites  and  Indians  spoke  on  present-day 
Indian  problems. 

Commissioner  Collier  was  represented  at  the  occasion  by  Chester  E. 
Faris,  Field  Representative  of  the  Commissioner.  The  message  from  the  Com- 
missioner follows: 

"You  have  met  here  to  offer  thanks,  after  the  manner  of  your 
own  tradition,  for  the  good  things  that  have  come  to  you  and  this  is 
as  it  should  be. 

"It  is  always  good  that  any  people,  or  any  group  of  people, 
should  maintain  not  alone  a  beautiful  ceremony,  but  with  it  the 
spiritual  foundation  in  which  such  a  ceremony  must  preserve  its 
roots.   I  think  that  you,  the  Indians  of  New  York  State,  have  suc- 
ceeded in  retaining  both  the  spirit  and  the  reality  of  your  tradi- 
tional commemoration.   Such  a  thing  is  not  easy  to  do.  You  have 
been  beset  for  many,  many  years  by  influences  that  would  tend  to 
destroy  in  you  all  that  is  native  and  much  that  is  traditional. 
That  you  have  preserved  your  identity  as  a  people  in  the  face  of 
an  ever-mounting  pressure  across  three  centuries  of  time,  is  in 
itself  an  eloquent  indication  of  the  tremendous  surge  of  your  In- 
dian consciousness;  of  your  Indian  inheritance. 

"This  strength  has  drawn  to  you  many  friends  whose  admira- 
tion for  your  courage  and  your  determination  has  made  them  assist 
your  cause.  Among  these  friends  are  many  officials  and  people  of 
power  and  influence  in  New  York  State.  Among  them  also,  and  par- 
ticularly within  recent  years,  is  the  federal  government  itself. 
But  not  all  of  your  friends  and  not  all  of  your  determination  are 
stronger  than  the  forces  that  militate  toward  your  destruction  as 
a  race  and  as  self-sustaining  citizens  of  this  greatest  of  all 
democracies.  Only  by  the  exercise  of  ceaseless  vigilance  has  some 
part  of  your  heritage  remained. 

"If  you  are  to  go  forward  as  you  wish  to  go  and  as  you  need  to 
go,  the'  same  and  greater  vigilance  is  needed.  If  you  do  not  move 
forward  as  a  people,  inevitably,  you  must  go  backward.  Just  as 
this  country  as  a  free  democracy  must  face  the  choice  of  going  for- 


ward  or  of  retrograding  to  that  low  estate  already  reached  "by  some 
unfortunate  peoples  whose  desire  for  freedom  and  for  progress  may 
be  as  powerful  as  our  own.  You  need  to  realize  and  you  do  realize 
that  those  same  forces,  which  for  300  and  more  years  have  sought  to 
crush  the  Indian,  are  today,  as  always,  the  same  forces  that  would 
destroy  the  essentials  of  democracy. 

"The  historic  exploiter  of  the  Indian  has  a  modern  counterpart 
in  our  everyday  life.  He  still  exists  by  virtue  of  his  capacity 
for  depriving  the  Indian  of  his  "birthright.  Very  naturally,  this 
spiritual  descendant  of  the  early  despoilers  of  Indians  has  no  wish 
for  Indian  advancement  or  Indian  independence.  He  fights  these 
things  with  all  the  tools  at  his  command  and  they  are  many.  And  in 
addition,  and  quite  aside  from  deliberate  exploitation,  is  race 
prejudice  -  still  in  many  places  the  foe  of  the  Indian.  I  believe 
these  opponents  will  not  in  the  end  suffice  to  keep  the  Indian  in 
his  old  -spiritual  and  economic  subjugation. 

"Briefly,  far  too  briefly,  I  want  to  tell  you  a  few  of  the 
positive  things  we  have  been  able  to  do.  We  have  stopped  the  re- 
lentless alienation  of  Indian  land  and  have  acquired  new  and  better 
lands.  The  great  Indian  estate  which  totalled  130,000,000  acres 
in  1887  had  dwindled,  under  the  combined  effects  of  the  general  Al- 
lotment Act  and  the  ruthlessness  of  white  land  grabbers,  to  49,000,- 
000  acres  of  the  poorest  lands.   Since  1933  we  have  stopped  this 
alienation  and  have  added  four  million  acres  to  the  residue.  Bet- 
ter still,  we  are  rebuilding  and  reclaiming  the  vast  areas  of  once 
fine  land  that  by  the  ravages  of  wind  and  water  and  the  worse  rav- 
ages of  ignorance  were  swiftly  degenerating  toward  economic  barren- 
ness. Soon  these  fertile  and  productive  lands  would  have  become 
desert.  This,  by  scientific  study  and  with  fine  cooperation  from 
local  and  federal  agencies,  we  are  stopoing.  But  it  is  a  long  slow 
fight. 

"Many  of  you  know  about  the  provision  that  has  been  made  un- 
der the  Reorganization  Act  of  1934  for  Indian  self-government.  Per- 
haps you  do  not  know  the  great  forward  strides  that  have  been  made 
by  the  Indians  of  the  West,  the  Southwest  and  the  Great  Plains  un- 
der this  new  bill  of  rights.  As  a  measure  of  self-determination 
it  was  made  a  part  of  this  act  that  only  those  groups  which  elected 
to  do  so  would  participate  in  its  benefits.  New  York  State  Indians 
and  some  of  the  other  great  groups  of  Indians,  notably  the  Navajos, 
have  not  come  within  its  scope.  But  this  is  not  disappointing  for 
we  wished,  first  of  all,  that  Indians  exercise  their  own  best  judg- 
ment. Much  evidence  has  come  to  us  from  the  Indians  themselves 
that  they  were  not  possessed  of  all  the  facts  when  they  voted  to 
exclude  themselves  and  numerous  urgent  requests  for  new  elections 
have  been  made  to  the  Indian  Service  and  to  Congress.  But  no  new 
election  is  possible  without  Congressional  action.  But  Indians 


everywhere  are  observing  the  phenomenal  forward  movement  of  those 
tribes,  approximately  180,  who  have  accepted  the  Reorganization 
Act,  and  they,  very  naturally,  wonder  whether  they  were  wise  in 
their  rejection. 

"In  even  the  brief  time  at  my  disposal  I  cannot  fail  to  men- 
tion the  changes  in  the  economic  life  of  Indian  groups  made  possi- 
ble by  the  extension  of  Federal  credit  which  prior  to  passage  of 
the  Act  was  not  available  to  the  Indians.   In  fact,  no  credit, 
practically  speaking,  was  available  to  them  at  all.  No  matter  how 
deserving,  they  simply  could  not  get  it.  Now  they  are  getting  it 
and  they  are  using  it  wisely  and  well. 

"The  Indian  has  disproved  the  time-worn  platitudes  of  his  in- 
competency, his  laziness  and  his  inability  to  compete  on  an  equal 
footing  with  white  men.  Given  equal  opportunity,  he  has  proven 
himself  equal,  if  not  superior,  to,  white  workers.  And  this  oppor- 
tunity is  being  provided  not  only  in  the  many  emergency  activities 
we  have  set  up,  but  in  the  regular  Indian  Service  as  well.  We  are 
extremely  proud  of  Indian  work. 

"I  have  not  time  here  to  dwell  on  the  progress  that  has  been 
made  in  reviving  and  revitalizing  Indian  arts  and  crafts.  In  this, 
only  a  beginning  has  been  made  as  yet,  but  a  beginning  so  inspir- 
ing that  we  hesitate  to  predict  the  future. 

"All  these  things,  and  many  more,  are  going  forward.  Not  all 
of  them  are  new  and  not  all  of  them  are  successful,  but  all  are 
vastly  stimulating  and  some  of  them  are  exciting.  The  Indian  every- 
where is  proving  that  his  friends  have  not  been  wrong  these  many 
years  when  they  pleaded  for  the  New  Deal  that  he  is  now  receiving. 

"The  center  of  our  objective  is  the  recreation  of  a  race  of 
men.  We  are  not  doing  it,  make  no  mistake  about  thati   It  is  the 
Indian  himself  who  is  doing  it  and  who  will  continue  to  do  it.  We 
are  merely  helping  him  to  find  himself." 


****** 
COLUMBUS  LIKED  INDIANS 

In  a  letter  to  the  King  and  Queen  of  Spain,  Christopher  Columbus 
wrote: 

"I  swear  to  your  majesties  that  there  is  not  a  better  people  in  the 
world;  more  affectionate,  affable  and  mild.  They  love  their  neighbors  as 
themselves,  and  they  always  sneak  smilingly."  Taken  from  The  Southwest  Tourist 
News. 


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10 


INDIAN  SERVICE  HOSPITALS  GRADUALLY-  MEETING  STANDARDS  FOR 
ACCEPTANCE  BY  THE  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  OF  SURGEONS 


P    - « « rr    ■»■„ 

-.2  11111  II1IS   *  F 

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:::as  !'^s:i!l  33333 


The  Albuquerque  Indian  Sanatorium  -  New  Mexico 


In  1930,  there  was 
not  one  Indian  Service  hospi- 
tal which  was  able  to  meet  the 
minimum  requirements  for  ac- 
ceptance by  the  American  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  a  profess- 
ional organization  which 
seeks  to  promote  high  stand- 
ards in  medical  and  surgical 
practice  and  hospital  service. 

In  1931,  the  Pawnee- 
Ponca  and  Claremore  Indian 
Hospitals  in  Oklahoma  were 
the  first  accepted  as  meet- 
ing the  minimum  requirements. 
The  Kiowa  Hospital  and  Shawn- 
ee Sanatorium  in  Oklahoma  and  the  Ta.coma  Sanatorium  in  Washington  were  added 
to  the  accepted  list  in  1932;  the  Rosebud  Hospital  in  South  Dakota  received 
provisional  acceptance  in  1933;  the  Clinton,  Oklahoma,  Hospital  was  accepted 
in  1934  and  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  Hospital  at  Concho,  Oklahoma  was  given 
provisional  acceptance  in  1934.  The  Albuquerque  Sanatorium  in  New  Mexico  was 
provisionally  accepted  as  of  January  1,  1936. 

The  minimum  standards  which  hospitals  must  meet  to.  receive  approval 
from  the  American  College  of  Surgeons  include  the  following: 

1.  There  must  be  a  staff  which  is  an  integrated, 
functioning  group,  made  up  of  competent,  well  qualified 
physicians  and  surgeons  who  meet  for  discussion  and  review 
of  cases  and  case  records  at  least  once  each  month. 

2.  Careful  and  complete  case  records  must  be  kept 
of  each  patient  admitted. 

3.  The  hospital  facilities  must  be  complete  and 
include  a  clinical  laboratory  which  provides  for  chemical 
and  bacteriological  examinations,  a  serological  and  patholo- 
gical service  and  an  X-ray  department.  Reports  must  be 
furnished  by  a  recognized  pathologist  on  the  tissues  re- 
moved at  operation. 


11 


VIEWS  FROM  SHA-WHEE   IMP  IAN  SANATORIUM  AT  SHAWNSB.    OKLAHOMA. 


The  Clinical  Laboratory 


The  Major  Operating  Room 


This  last-mentioned  requirement  is  one  which  it  is  difficult  for 
the  Indian  Service,  with  its  limited  funds  and  personnel,  to  meet.  However, 
the  National  Institute  of  Health  cooperates  with  the  Indian  Service  by  exam- 
ining all  of  the  appendices  and  tumor  tissues  which  have  been  removed  from 
Indian  patients.   In  addition,  the  Phipps  Institute  and  some  of  the  state 
laboratories  are  helping  us  in  the  examination  of  these  tissues. 

When  the  new  hospitals  at  Talihina,  Oklahoma,  and  Port  Defiance, 
Arizona,  are  completed,  it  is  planned  to  equip  the  laboratories  of  these 
two  hospitals  for  tissue  work  and  to  employ  a  pathologist  at  each.  This 
equipment  will  make  it  possible  to  fulfill  this  requirement  not  only  for 
these  two  institutions,  but  also  for  the  other  hospitals  in  their  areas. 

The  minimum  standards  of  the  American  College  of  Surgeons  also  set 
up  requirements  of  post  mortem  examinations  that  are  difficult  for  Indian  Ser- 
vice hospitals  to  attain,  since  many  Indian  groups  are  prejudiced  against  o- 
pening  bodies  after  death  for  further  study.  Post  mortem  examinations  are 
permissible  in  the  Indian  Service  only  with  the  consent  of  relatives  of  the 
deceased. 

The  requirement  that  separate  dish-washing  rooms  outside  of  the 
kitchens  be  established  in  order  that  there  may  be  no  possibility  of  contam- 
inating the  food  in  the  process  of  preparation  through  dishes  which  have  been 
used  by  patients,  is  gradually  being  met. 

There  are  a  number  of  small  hospitals  under  Indian  Service  direction 
which  are  rendering  a  high  type  of  service  to  their  patients  and  which  will 
probably  never  be  able  to  meet  completely  the  American  College  standards  be- 
cause of  their  size  and  isolated  location.  For  example,  the  hospital  at  Kay- 
enta  is  150  miles  from  Flagstaff,  Arizona,  and  the  Western  Shoshone  Hospital 
is  about  100  miles  from 
Elko,  Nevada.   It  is  not 
possible  to  organize  staffs 
in  these  locations  because 
local  specialists  cannot 
participate  in  Indian  Serv- 
ice work  at  such  distances 
from  their  regular  respon- 
sibilities. 

Achieving  recog- 
nition of  Indian  Service 
hospitals  in  the  face  of 
these  requirements  is  nec- 
essarily slow;  but  the 
record  of  the  past  five 
years  shows  that  progress 
is  being  made. 

********* 

A  Six-Bed  Women's  Ward  At  The   Shawnee  Sanatorium, 
Shawnee,   Oklahoma 


13 


INDIAN  SERVICE  EMPLOYEES'  FIRST  RESPONSIBILITY  TO  THEIR  SUPERINTENDENT 


TO  ALL  INDIAN  SERVICE  EMPLOYEES: 

The  occasion  recently  arose  for  me  to  send  the  following  letter  to 
a  member  of  the  Indian  Service: 

"I  have  been  sent  a  copy  of  a  memorandum  of  August  27  which 

you  addressed  to  Superintendent  .  This  memorandum  concerned 

the  clearing  of  Road  projects  with  representatives  of  the  Bureau 
of  Public  Roads  and  also  had  to  do  with  the  employment  of  a  drafts- 
man. 

"This  letter  is  not  to  engage  in  a  general  discussion  of  the 
subject  matter  of  your  memorandum,  but  to  draw  your  attention  to  a 
phrase  in  the  final  paragraph  of  the  memorandum  which  read  as  fol- 
lows, 'you  will  also  realize  that  my  first  responsibility  lies  with 
the  road  department.1 

"As  emphatically  as  I  can,  I  wish  to  make  it  clear  that  your 
immediate  responsibility  and  that  of  every  employee  at  an  Agency, 
is  to  the  Agency  Superintendent.   The  Superintendent  of  an  Agency 
is  directly  responsible  to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  and 
is  the  only  person  with  administrative  authority  over  Agency  em- 
ployees. No  technical  division  of  the  Indian  Office,  including 
the  Roads  Division,  has  any  administrative  authority  over  any 
Agency  employee.   The  function  of  the  technical  divisions  is  advis- 
ory only. 

"Furthermore,  employees  must  learn  to  think  of  themselves,  not 
as  'Road'  men,  or  'Extension1  agents,  or  representatives  of  any 
technical  branch,  but  first  of  all  as  members  of  the  Indian  Service 
and  as  members  of  their  Agency  staffs.  Pride  and  loyalty  should 
be  in  the  Service  and  not  in  some  particular  technical  field. 

"Please  understand  that  this  is  not  a  reprimand.  I  appreciate 
your  natural  pride  in  being  a  good  'road'  man  and  your  desire  to  be 
professionally  efficient.  But  I  could  not  let  pass  the  opportunity 
to  set  you  right  concerning  the  attitude  which  we  expect  of  all  In- 
dian Service  employees." 

It  does  not  matter  that  this  employee  happens  to  be  responsible  for 
road  work,  nor  does  it  matter  where  he  is  serving.  The  message  I  am  trying 
to  get  across  is  applicable  to  all  employees  of  the  Indian  Service  regardless 
of  the  technical  field  or  the  jurisdiction  in  which  they  serve. 

We  are  all  members  of  the  United  States  Indian  Service.  Let  us  for- 
get the  sort  of  talk  so  often  heard,  about  the  technical  branches  which  some 
of  us  happen  to  represent. 

John  Collier 
Commissioner 

14 


IN  MA. DIE 

By  D'Arcy  McNickle 

Administrative  Assistant  -  Office  Of  Indian  Affairs 

Here  at  Eastport,  Maine,  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  old  ocean  shows  his 
strength. 

Standing  on  a  height  of  land,  one  watches  the  tidal  course  rush 
with  the  speed  of  a  mountain  river.  Blue  water  leaps  high  where  cross-cur- 
rents meet.  Foam  flecks  the  eddies.  One  gets  dizzy  with  watching. 

At  low  tide  a  ruin  of  shattered  rock  shows  how  sledge-like  is  the 
pounding  of  water  on  a  resistant  shore.  A  "brown  scum  of  seaweed  marks  the 
tidal  crest.  A  thousand  white  gulls  flash  upward,  then  drift  downward  again. 

That  is  Passamaquoddy,  where  Army  engineers  have  undertaken  to 
deal  directly  with  ocean's  elemental  forces. 

Four  Hundred  Indians  At  Fas samaquo ddy 

And  here  on  Passamaquoddy,  within  earshot  of  the  tidal  roar,  lives 
a  rather  forlorn  hand  of  Algonquin-speaking  Indians.  About  400  of  them,  all 
of  them  expressing  themselves  in  their  native  tongue,  some  of  them  speaking 
no  other  with  any  ease.  Four-year-olds  playing  in  the  dust  open  their  eyes 
wide  to  a  question  put  to  them  in  English.  They  say  something  in  their  In- 
dian tongue  and  continue  the  play  -  friendly,  hut  not  impressed  by  a  visitor 
who  doesn't  know  how  to  talk  in  accustomed  ways. 

Four  hundred  Indians  on  about  100  or  more  acres  of  land  -  rock 
ledge  with  a  sheathing  of  thin  soil.  The  gardens  look  sickly.  But  this  year, 
they  say,  has  been  unusually  dry. 

Poor  Housing^  Bad  Water 

Perhaps  it  is  the  houses  that  give  the  forlorn  effect.  One  knows 
what  to  expect  of  Indian  houses.  These  are  no  better  and  no  worse.  But 
sensing  how  cold  and  blustery  the  Bay  of  Fundy  winters  must  be,  one  realizes 
that  houses  should  be  considerably  better  than  adequate.  They  are  sheathed 
with  weathered  shingles,  but  even  the  best  of  the  lot  was  not  fully  sealed 
inside.  The  foundations  were  not  banked  up.  Wood  is  scarce.  The  state 
provides  a  limited  supply  of  firewood  but  if  the  winter  is  exceptionally 
bitter  and  enduring,  some  have  to  sit  by  cold  fires.  The  houses,  village 
fashion,  are  built  fairly  close  together;  and  since  there  is  no  piped  water 
supply,  an  errant  spark  and  a  high  wind  could  wipe  out  the  settlement  in  a 
flash. 


15 


And  speaking  of  water.  The  inhabitants  depend  on  shallow  wells, 
five  of  which  supply  the  community.  The  summer  has  "been  very  dry  and  three 
wells  have  failed.  This  is  had  enough,  but  even  worse  is  the  fact  that  the 
wells  were  condemned  by  health  authorities  several  years  ago  and  are  now  un- 
der ban.  However,  since  it  is  the  only  water  available,  it  has  to  do.  One 
case  of  dysentery  was  reported  to  me. 

Ninety  Per  Cent  On  Relief 

Except  for  emergency  projects,  one  cannot  understand  how  these 
people  survive.  At  the  present  time,  a  small  road  building  project  is  in 
operation  on  the  reservation.  Until  the  Passamaquoddy  project  shut  down 
recently,  a  number  of  men  were  employed  there  and,  so  I  was  told,  left  im- 
pressive records  as  laborers.   The  section  around  Eastport  is  slowly  ex- 
piring. Eastport  itself  is  in  default.   Consequently,  odd  jobs  are  not  to 
be  had.  Upwards  of  90  per  cent  of  the  Indian  population  is  on  relief  at 
$1.00  per  head  per  week. 

This  problem  of  relief  explains  the  seemingly  large  appropriation 
which  the  State  of  Maine  has  been  approving  in  recent  years.  For  the  last 
biennura,  approximately  $49,000  was  appropriated,  but  only  a  small  part  of 
this  went  to  health,  education  and  similar  social  services;  none  of  it  went 
into  capital  investment.  There  are  no  horses  on  the  reservation  and  only 
one  cow.  Pigs  and  chickens  are  also  lacking. 

Skillful  Basket  Making  Still  Survives 

Everyone  in  the  village  seems  to  take  a  hand  at  basket  making,  a 
craft  still  vigorously  alive.  Pew  forms  are  traditional  and  it  is  unfortunate 
that  they  have  substituted  coal  tar  dyes  for  their  native  vegetable  colors. 
The  latter  are  too  expensive  to  use  and  the  former  colors,  being  very  strong, 
are  not  properly  blended.  The  baskets  are  sometimes  garish,  but  the  handiwork 
remains  consistently  skillful.  Perhaps  their  best  products  are  the  plain 
baskets  of  split  ash. 

Income  which  might  result  from  basket  work,  they  complain,  is  car- 
ried away  by  gypsies  who  haunt  Maine  resorts  with  a  variety  of  cheap  basketry 
which  they  palm  off  as  Indian  ware,  passing  themselves  off  as  Indians  while 
they  do  it.  The  State  has  recently  passed  a  law  setting  up  penalties  for  im- 
personating an  Indian,  but  evidently  the  law  has  not  been  enforced. 

Hunting  Helps  The  Princeton  Passamaquoddy  Indians 

More  fortunate,  in  a  way,  is  the  small  band  of  about  150  Passama- 
quoddys  up  at  Princeton,  Maine,  about  50  miles  northwest  of  Eastport.  This 


16 


Princeton  group  is  made  up  entirely  of  full-bloods  or  near- full -bloods,  none 
of  whom  speak  English  habitually.  They  are  called  "unprogressive"  because 
they  have  kept  more  or  less  intact  their  native  ways  of  living. 

This  group  gets  a  break  as  a  result  of  recent  decision  of  the  state 
legislature.  Until  the  last  legislative  session,  the  Indians  of  Maine  had 
been  required  to  pay  hunting  and  fishing  licenses  on  the  same  basis  as  did 
white  men.  While  the  license  does  not  cost  much,  the  scarcity  of  cash  among 
them  has  made  even  a  small  fee  a  problem.  Now,  Indians  are  exempted.  They 
may  hunt,  in  season,  as  freely  as  they  like.  And  in  the  country  surrounding 
the  Princeton  reserve,  there  is  abundant  game  -  moose,  deer,  bear  and  fish. 
Strange  fact,  but  they  will  be  enjoying  conditions  as  much  like  their  ancient 
life  as,  perhaps,  any  Indian  group  in  the  United  States. 


The  Penobscot  Indians  Of  Oldtown 

Farther  south,  twelve  miles  up  river  from  Bangor,  Maine,  a  second 
group  of  Indians,  the  Penobscot,  have  their  homes  today  in  approximately  the 
same  area  which  they  occupied  before  the  coming  of  white  men.  Oldtown,  which 
is  just  across  50  yards  of  water  from  their  present  island  reserve,  was  set- 
tled by  them  in  1669.   In  treaties  dated  1786  and  1818,  they  ceded  their 
hunting  territory  in  the  Penobscot  River  Valley  for  a  chain  of  islands  lying 
in  the  Eiver  from  Oldtown  northward.  Most  of  them  -  the  tribe  numbers  slight- 
ly over  500  -  dwell  on  Oldtown  Island  but  have  summer  camps  on  islands  far- 
ther upstream. 

The  islands  are  well-wooded  and  they  have  not  the  firewood  problem 
which  is  so  acute  among  the  Passaraaquoddy  at  Eastport.  The  land  also  is  more 
fertile  and  there  is  an  ample  amount  of  it. 

Altogether,  the  Penobscot  have  been  more  kindly  dealt  with  by  time 
and  fortune.   It  is  common  to  have  them  described  as  being  more  progressive 
than  the  Passamaquoddy  group  -  but  at  least  some  part  of  their  relatively 
favorable  condition  is  directly  due  to  their  greater  resources  and  the  fact 
that  they  live  in  a  better  settled  and  more  prosperous  region.  Oldtown  it- 
self has  the  appearance  of  being  industrially  alive,  while  Bangor,  one  of 
Maine's  largest  cities,  is  nearby. 

But  it  is  necessary  to  say  "relatively  favorable"  because,  in  spite 
of  their  advantages,  they  live  in  crumbling  houses  and  health  conditions  are 
far  from  satisfactory.  The  State  has  just  completed  construction  of  water 
and  sewage  system  but  too  little  attention  has  been  given  to  teaching  them 
to  make  use  of  their  resources.  This  group  is  essentially  dependent,  wait- 
ing for  things  to  be  done  for  them,  while  most  of  their  lend  lies  idle.  A 
A  thorough  program  of  social  and  economic  planning  is  needed  for  them.  The 
philosophy  of  state  aid  is  the  familiar  one  of  passively  doling  out  funds 
for  essentially  unproductive  services. 


17 


In  the  Penobscot  group,  assimilation  has  progressed  further.   The 
native  language,  which  is  still  very  much  alive,  is  less  the  instinctive  tool 
than  it  is  among  the  Passamaquod&y.  Also,  the  strain  of  white  blood  is, 
stronger  and  more  widely  spread.  Among  the  Eastport  hand  of  Passamaquoddy  to- 
day, only  eight  white  people  are  intermarried  in  the  tribe;  at  Princeton,  ac- 
cording to  report,  no  white  people  are  intermarried.  At  OldtoWn,  on  the  oth- 
er hand,  there  must  he  quite  a  few  such  intermarriages. 

A  good  proportion  of  Penobscot  hoys  and  girls  attend  the  public 
high  school  at  Oldtown.  Four  or  five  are  in  college  at  the  present  time  or 
have  been  recently.  One  girl  has  had  a  successful  career  as  a  dancer  and 
was  headlined  at  the  French  Colonial  Exposition  of  1931.   She  also  played 
a  prominent  part  in  the  Indian  film  "Silent  Enemy" 

Indian  affairs  in  Maine  are  administered  by  the  State's  Department 
of  Public  Health  and  Welfare.  A  State  Agent,  with  headquarters  at  Eastport, 
looks  after  both  groups.  Each  tribe  has  trust  funds,  amounting  to  $138,000 
for  the  Passamaquoddy  and  $88,000,  for  the  Penobscot. 

Both  groups  maintain  tribal  organization  led  by  a  governor,  council- 
lors and  other  officers  who  are  elected  Dy  the  group. 


CCC  AT  THE  ALABAMA-COUSHATTA  RESERVATION,  LIVINGSTON,  TEXAS 
By  Clenson  Sylestine  -  Leader,  CCC  -  ID 

We  are  located  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Texas  in  a  bushy  and 
timbered  country  known  as  "The  Big  Thicket." 

I  am  the  leader  of  the  62  Indian  CCC  boys  working  on  this  reserva- 
tion. We  have  had  several  large  projects  to  work  on  -  cutting  fire  lanes 
through  the  reservation,  timber  stand  improvements,  range  revegetation, 
mosquito  control  and  cleaning  out  creek  channels.  The  timber  stand  improve- 
ment has  been  especially  interesting  to  us  because  we  have  learned  how  to 
protect  our  timber  growth. 

The  men  are  all  full-blood  Indians  of  the  two  tribes  -  the  Alabama, 
and  Coushatta.   They  are  hard-working  people.  Our  population  has  shown  a 
considerable  increase  in  the  past  three  years  which  means  a  need  for  more 
homes  and  the  development  of  new  parts  of  the  reservation. 

We  are  also  increasing  our  number  of  cattle  and  stock.  Now,  with 
the  canning  plant  we  are  able  to  put  up  .our  garden  products  for  winter  use. 

The  CCC  work  has  been  the  life  of  this  reservation  for  the  past 
three  years:  it  has  given  us  employment  and  taught  us  many  lines  of  work 
through  which  we  can  improve  our  land. 


18 


PAMPHLET-  ON  BLAGKFQOT  INDIAN  PEACE  COUNCIL  ISSUED  BY 
MONTANA  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


Montana  State  University  has  issued  as  Bulletin  No.  3  in  its  series 
Sources  of  Northwest  History  a  pamphlet  edited  by  Albert  J.  Partoll  entitled, 
"The  Blackfoot  Indian  Peace  Council."  *   The  pamphlet  contains  the  official 
proceedings  of  the  treaty  between  the  Blackfoot  Nation  and  other  Indians  and 
the  United  States,  made  in  October  1855.   Careful  annotations  explain  the 
text. 

In  a  preface,  Mr.  Partoll  speaks  of  the  importance  of  this  treaty 
which  inaugurated  peaceful  relations  among  Indian  tribes  of  the  area  and  be- 
tween Indians  and  whites.   "In  many  ways  the  Blackfoot  Indian  council  cor- 
responded to  the  international  peace  tribunals  of  the  white  men,"  the  preface 
states.   "Warriors  who  had  previously  met  only  on  the  field  of  battle,  or  had 
taken  part  in  expeditions  for  plundering  each  other,  forgot  their  past  differ- 
ences to  listen  to  the  words  of  the  'Great  Soldier  Chief1,  as  Stevens  (Govern- 
or Isaac  I.  Stevens,  of  Washington  Territory,  who  was  also  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs  of  the  Territory)  was  titled  by  the  Indians.  Wise  tribal  cotm- 
cillors  chose  to  arbitrate  with  diplomacy,  not  force.  Statesmanship  was  pre- 
ferable to  the  chaos  of  battle." 

The  pamphlet  may  be  obtained  from  Montana  State  University  at  Mis- 
soula. 


*  Historical  Reprints  -  Blackfoot  Indian  Peace  Council,  edited  by  Albert  J. 
Partoll.   Sources  of  Northwest  History  No.  3;  general  editor,  Paul  C.  Phillips , 
Montana  State  University,  Missoula,  Montana.  1937.  11  pp. 


IRRIGATION  IS  ARIZONA  A  THOUSAND  YEARS  OLD 

Irrigation  in  Arizona,  according  to  the  University  of  Arizona,  is 
more  than  one  thousand  years  old.   In  both  the  Salt  and  Gila  River  Valleys, 
now  watered  by  the  Roosevelt  and  Coolidge  Dams,  the  ancient  pueblo  tribes 
once  irrigated  their  lands.  The  ancient  canal  systems  can  be  traced  in  many 
parts  of  the  state  and  such  was  the  engineering  skill  of  these  early  people 
that  in  some  places  the  modern  canal  closely  follows  the  contours  of  the  pre- 
historic irrigation  system. 

Today  the  total  land  actually  watered  in  the  state  approximately 
is  575,000  acres.  Of  this  the  Roosevelt  Dam,  built  in  1911,  placed  under 
irrigation  228,000  acres;  the  Yuma  project,  a  year  later,  brought  51,000  un- 
der irrigation^ and  in  1920  the  Coolidge  Dam  added  55,000  more  acres  to  the 
irrigation  area. 


19 


TRAILERS  FOR  C.C.C.  TORK  ON  THE  BLACKFEET  RESERVATION  IN  MONTANA 

Part  of  the  CGC  -  113  program  on  the  Blackfeet  Reservation  has  "been 
the  development  of  a  series  of  reservoirs  to  provide  water  for  arid  outlying 
areas.  Since  the  work  was  to  "be  carried  on  in  isolated  parts  of  the  reserva- 
tion, the  problem  of  housing  the  work  crews  which  would  remain  at  each  loca- 
tion only  temporarily,  was  a  pressing  one.  The  obvious  answer  was  trailers. 

The  movable  reservoir  camp  illustrated  "below  is  the  result  of  care- 
ful plans.  The  work  was  done  locally,  "by  the  Indian  Service.  Each  trailer 
has  good  ventilation  and  a  complete  electric  light  system.  The  cook  cabin, 
dining  car  and  two  sleeping  cars  were  finished  first;  later  the  water  tanks 
and  the  electric  plant  were  also  mounted  on  wheels. 


--  :      ■        ••■•-•    ^.  ■-,■...--    ... 


:&£P*^ 


■i~v~"~ 


■  r 


■------■«■*---••■—■•-■-      ■-      -    ■■  ^--JSklt 


The  Blackfeet  Trailer  Camp 


20 


THE  ARAPAHO  CAMERY  -  HOW  IT  WORKS 
Wind  River  Agency,  Wyoming 


The  Arapaho  Canning  Association 
(Photograph  By  H.  L.  Denier) 


The  Arapaho  Cooperative  Canning  Association  was  organized  under  the 
cooperative  laws  of  the  State  of  Wyoming  during  the  summer  of  1936.  One 
hundred  and  four  membership  agreements  were  signed.  The  membership  agreements 
were  supported  by  $50,00  notes  payable  at  the  rate  of  $10.00  per  year  over  a 
period  of  five  years. 

Officers,  directors  and  members  are  all  Arapaho  Indians.  A  loan 
of  $13,200  was  secured  through  the  Resettlement  Administration.  Donations 
of  equipment  came  from  various  sources,  including  former  FERA  projects.  A 
ninety-nine  year  lease  on  an  old  school  building  provided  the  "plant." 

Through  a  WPA  project  the  school  building  was  remodeled  to  meet  the 
first  year's  requirement  and  actual  canning  started  in  August  of  last  year. 


21 


Freshly  Laundered  White 
Uniforms  Are  Provided  Daily 


Members  were  given  the  first  oppor- 
tunity to  work  in  the  cannery  but  all 
had  to  pass  medical  examination  and 
be  certified  before  the  manager  could 
place  their  names  on  the  payroll. 


Fifteen  Thousand  Cans   In  1936 

In  1936  a  total  pack  of 
more   than  15,000  Number  2^  cans  of 
beans,    corn  and  tomatoes  was  run  in 
151  working  hours .     The  toll  basis 
was  used  in  1936  -  the  producer  getting 
40  per  cent  and  the  factory  60  per 


cent.     The  subsistence  gardens  at  Ethete  and  at  Arapaho  were   the  largest  con- 
tributors.    Thirty-one  individuals  delivered  products  to  the  cannery  and  one, 
Isaac  Bell,    sold  enough  of  his   share  of  canned  string  beans   to  meet  his  annual 
standard  loan  interest  payment.     Many  of  the  others  traded  a  portion  of  their 
canned  vegetables   for  other  commodities. 


Production  More  Than  Doubles   In  1937 

This  year  additional  modern  eauipment  valued  at  $5,125  was    installed, 
including  an  automatic  corn  husker,    corn  cutter,  pea  huller,   bean  cutter, 
tomato  juicer,    a  1200-can  retort  and  a  gas  boiler. 

After  a  discussion  meeting  in  the  spring,    growers  signed  up  for 
about  83  acres:      18  acres  each  in  peas  and  beans;  16  acres  in  tomatoes;   28 
acres   in  corn;    three  acres   in  pumpkins  and  two   acres   in  cabbages. 

Purchase  of  the  graded  garden  produce   is  made  at  a  predetermined 
price,   with  the  grower  reserving  the  right  to  purchase  his  needs  at  cost. 
Payment  for  the  vegetables   is  made  at  two -week  intervals. 

By  September  13  of  this 
year,   38,262  Number  2^  cans   of 
vegetables  had  been  put  ut>  -  more 
than  double  last   year's  pack.      Cut 
beans  accounted  for  25,908  cans; 
wax  beans,   for  1,556;  whole  beans, 
for  2,459;  peas,    for  4,289   cans; 
and  corn  for  2,945.      Smaller  quan- 
tities of  tomatoes,    catsup,    tomato 
juice  and  pumpkin  were  also  put  up. 


Inside  The  Arapaho  Cannery 


22 


The  work  was  new  to  all  the  employees  in  1936,   but  they  soon  became 
adept.     Most  of  the  workers  are  girls  who  clean  and  prepare  the  vegetables 
for" the  cans.      They  are  paid  on  a  piece-work  basis.     The  heavier  work  is   done 
by  the  men, who  are  paid  by  the  hour. 

It   is  estimated  that  a  thousand  more  cans  of  corn  will  be  put  up 
before  the  season  is  over.      Tomatoes  will  be  canned  until  frost.     After  the 
other  vegetables  are  in,  pumpkin  and  sauerkraut  will  finish  the  canning  for 
the  season. 


DAUGHTERS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION  OFFER  HELP   IN   INDIAN  SERVICE  PROGRAM 


The  National  Society  of  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  one 
of  the  country's  largest  women's  organization,  is  helping  conptructively  in 
the  Federal  Government's  program  for  Indians.  The  D.  A.  R. 's  sub-committee 
on  American  Indians,  under  the  chairmanship  of  Mrs.  Richard  Codman,  of  Fair 
Oaks,  Sacramento  County,  California  is  again  offering  to  cooperate  with  lo- 
cal Indian  Service  superintendents  in  problems  of  welfare  and  civic  educa- 
tion. 

The  circular  letter  being  sent  by  the  national  committee  chairman 
to  the  various  D.  A.  R.  state  chairmen  says: 

"We  will  assist  the  Indians  to  become  good  citizens. 
We  will  try  to  help  them  to  avail  themselves  of  all  oppor- 
tunities and  privileges  open  to  other  citizens,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  realize  that  these  opportunities  and  privileges 
demand  in  return  a  responsibility  toward  society  and  toward 
our  American  Government.  We  believe  the  greatest  benefits 
for  the  Indians  will  be  achieved  by  working  in  harmony  with 
all  people  and  agencies  that  have  the  welfare  of  the  Indians 
at  hpart.  We  will  try  to  foster  among  the  Indians  a  feeling 
of  good-will  toward  those  people  and  agencies  and  toward  the 
United  States  Government.  We  will  be  opposed  to  any  Indian 
factions  or  to  any  agitators  whose  real  purpose  is  to  benefit 
themselves  financially  by  stirring  up  hatred  among  the  Indians 
toward  the  Government,  those  people,-  and  those  agencies  that 
have  the  welfare  of  the  Indians  at  heart  and  that  work  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Indians.  Often  these  agitators  are  very 
convincing  talkers,  so  investigate  carefully.  Do  not  involve 
the  D.  A.  R.  in  factional  Indian  politics.  Our  work  is  citizen- 
ship and  welfare;  we  are  strictly  non-partisan.  Finally,  we 
will  try  to  foster  understanding  and  harmony  between  the  In- 
dians and  our  white  citizens,  and  to  show  to  the  white  citizens 
the  needs  of  their  underprivileged  Indian  neighbors." 

The  Indian  Service  welcomes  this  source  of  friendly  help. 


23 


VARIOUS  TRIBES  PASS  HE  SOLUTIONS  AFFIRMING  FAITH  IS 
INDIAN  REORGANIZATION  ACT 


There  have  come  into  the  Washington  Office  during  the  past  few 
months  a  number  of  spontaneous  resolutions  from  various  tribes  expressing 
their  confidence  in  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act,  and  protesting  any  moves 
toward  its  repeal.  Excerpts  and  summaries  from  some  of  these  resolutions 
follow: 

In  a  letter  of  February  8,  1937  to  Secretary  Ickes,  the  Dressler- 
ville  Indian  Colony,  Gardnerville,  Nevada,  vigorously  objected  to  the  pos- 
sible repeal  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act  as  being  deeply  injurious  to 
Nevada  Indians. 

The  president  and  two  council  members  of  the  Western  Temoke  Sho- 
shone Band,  Elko.  Nevada.,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Committee  on  Indian 
Affairs, protest  efforts  to  repeal  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act  as  bringing 
disaster  upon  their  people.   They  know,  they  state,  that  the  Act  is  not  per- 
fect, but  it  has  brought  them  many  substantial  benefits,  and  they  want  it 
continued. 

The  Apache  Tribe  of  the  Mescalero  Reservation  in  a  resolution  of 
March  13,  1937,  mentions  their  enjoyment  of  powers  and  privileges  achieved 
under  the  Act  and  protests  any  effort  which  may  be  made  to  nullify  it. 

By  letter  of  March  16,  1937,  the  Lower  Brule  Sioux,  South  Dakota  en- 
dorse the  Act.  "We  think  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act  is  a  great  thing  for  us 
and  those  who  are  on  the  Lower  Brule  Reservatio»  are  just  now  having  a  good 
start  and  we  do  not  wish  to  see  this  great  movement  destroyed  and  we  sincere- 
ly hope  that  nothing  will  be  done  at  this  time  to  break  it  down." 

By  resolution  of  March  18,  1937,  the  members  of  the  Fort  Berthold 
Tribal  Council,  North  Dakota,  go  on  record  as  opposing  repeal  of  the  Indian 
Reorganization  Act. 

The  Great  Lakes  Indian  Agency  delegation  in  a  statement  of  March 
26,  1937  endorses  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act. 

In  a  letter  of  March  27,  1937,  Joseph  Whitebear,  President  of  the 
Tribal  Council  of  Northern  Cheyenne,  of  Montana,  instructed  the  authorized 
tribal  delegates  to  stand  for  maintenance  of  the  Reorganization  Act. 

The  Oneida  Tribe  of  Wisconsin  in  a  recent  letter  condemns  efforts 
to  repeal  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act,  or  any  parts  of  it.   "It  has  opened 


24 


to  us  an  opportunity  for  our  social  and  economic  rehabilitation" ,  the  resolu- 
tion states.  The  Act  has  "been  "a  godsend"  ....  and  has  meant  a  "new  day  for 
the  American  Indians." 

The  Omaha  Tribe  of  Nebraska  states  its  full  staisfaction  with  their 
status  under  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act.   "It  has  "been  proven  over  and 
over  that  the  new  law  gives  the  Indian  more  and  more  voice  as  to  the  conduct 
of  his  affairs."   ...  "Had  the  people  who  having  caused  all  of  the  opposition 
and  promotion  for  the  repeal  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act  visited  tribes 
who  are  interested  and  who  are  really  trying  to  make  the  best  of  the  advan- 
tages offered,  we  feel  sure  that  no  such  action  would  have  been  taken  by 
those  few." 

In  a  resolution  dated  March  22,  1937  the  Omaha  Tribe  of  Nebraska, 
the  Ponca  Tribe  of  Native  Americans  of  Nebraska,  the  Santee  Sioux  Tribe  of 
the  Sioux  Nation  of  the  State  of  Nebraska  and  the  Winnebago  Tribe  of  the 
Winnebago  Reservation  in  the  State  of  Nebraska  protested  against  the  possible 
repeal  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act,  stating  that  such  action  would  have 
a  demoralizing  effect  upon  Indians,  to  whom  it  gives  the  right  to  have  a  hand 
in  their  own  affairs." 

The  Pyramid  Lake  Tribal  Council,  Nevada  has  gone  on  record  as  op- 
posing repeal  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act  or  acts  which  would  except 
certain  tribes  from  its  provisions. 

The  Minnesota  Chippewa  Tribe  in  a  resolution  dated  April  2,  1937, 
registers  vigorous  protest  against  the  repeal  of  the  Act.  It  is  "the  only 
real  safeguard  ever  afforded  the-  Indian  against  exploitation,"  the  resolution 
states,  and  its  repeal  "will  permanently  retard  the  progress  and  advancement 
of  the  American  Indian." 

The  Papago  Tribe  of  Arizona,  by  resolution  of  August  7,  says  that 
since  the  passage  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Ac-t  "there  has  been  developed 
and  put  into  effect  a  plan  for  our  intelligent  participation  in  the  management 
of  our  affairs,  in  accordance  with  tribal  custom  and  within  the  framework  of 
the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States."  The  resolution  speaks  also 
of  past  internal  dissension  and  factionalism  and  of  recent  material  and 
spiritual  progress. 


A  CAMP  FOR  INDIAN  CHILDREN 

Through  cooperation  between  the  Indian  Service,  the  State  of  Minne- 
sota, the  Works  Progress  Administration,  and  the  War  Department,  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  Minnewota  Chippewa  Indian  children  were  given  a  com- 
plete camping  experience  this  past  summer.  Many  of  them  came  to  camp  showing 
marked,  sometimes  extreme,  underweight.  Their  physical  improvement  during  the 
camp  experience  was  striking. 


25 


MINIATURE  OBJECT-LESSONS  IN  HOUSING  ON  THE 


ROSEBUD  RESERVATION.  SOUTH  DAKOTA   ' 


By  Martha  Jane  Bucher,  Home  Extension  Agent 


A  Model  Sioux  Home  In  Miniature 

The  use  of  calcimine  as  an 
inside  wall  finish  (there  is  a  lim- 
ited supply  of  white  clay  here  on 
the  reservation) ;  the  use  of  an  old 
inner  tube  as  a  spring  for  the  front 
door;  a  home-made  bed,  with  srorings 
of  rope  or  woven  rawhide  strips; 
sheets  and  pillowcases  made  from  well- 
laundered  flour  sacks;  a  kitchen 
cabinet  and  a  clothes  closet  made  of 
orange  crates. 

Native  trees  and  shrubs 
are  suggested  for  the  yard:   pine, 
elder,  cottonwood,  elm  and  ash  trees 
may  all  be  transplanted,  as  can  also 
choke-cherry,  plum,  currant,  June- 
berry  and  buck  bushes. 


The  miniature  log  house 
and  yard  illustrated  below  have 
served  to  interest  Sioux  women  in 
improving  their  own  home  surround- 
ings. All  of  the  improvements  are 
home-made  and  the  entire  house  is 
one  which  could  be  reproduced  by 
most  Sioux  families.  The  house  is 
of  logs.  The  cash  outlay  needed  for 
house  and  furnishings  is  very  low. 

Some  of  the  ideas  suggested 
by  the  model: 


Miniature  House  With  Roof  Removed 
Showing  The  Interior  Furnishings 


26 


IffAKPALA'S  SUBSISTENCE  GARDEN  SUCCESSFUL  -  THANKS  TO  DAM  BUILT  BY  CCC  -  ID 
Standing  Rock  Reservation,  North  Dakota 
By  Fred  Anderson  -  Senior  Project  Manager 

In  our  attempt  to  locate  an  irrigated  subsistence  garden  at  each 
sub-station  on  the  reservation,  we  ran  into  a  special  problem  at  Wakpala. 
There  was  a  wonderful  garden  site  at  the  sub-agency  and  a  large  creek  handy 
for  a  water  supply.  But  the  creek  dried  up  every  summer,  removing  the  water 
supply  at  the  wrong  time.   Though  there  were  some  excellent  large  dam  sites 
on  the  creek,  there  was  a  railroad  paralleling  it  which  precluded  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  large  reservoir. 

Several  kinds  of  small  overflow  dams  were  suggested.  The  one  final- 
ly selected  was  the  rock  masonry  type  of  which  the  CCC.  has  built  several 
in  North  Dakota. 

Since  test  borings  showed  that  six  feet  below  the  creek  bed  we 
would  strike  solid  shale,  excavation  was  started  to  that  depth  for  a  cut-off 
wall  which  would  keep  water  from  going  under  the  dam.  Other  men  started 
boring  holes  with  post  hole  diggers  for  footings  for  the  apron  of  the  dam. 
Still  others  started  gathering  rocks  from  the  hillsides  for  materials  for 
the  dam. 

Each  rock  had  to  be  scrubbed  with  steel  brushes  and  water  to  remove 
the  crust  of  lichens  and  make  a  clean  surface  to  which  the  mortar  could  stick. 
The  cut-off  wall  was  carefully  built  up  with  each  rock  firmly  bedded  and  com- 
pletely surrounded  by  the  mortar.  The  post  holes  were  poured  full  of  con- 
crete for  downstream  footing  and  the  whole  base  of  the  dam  started  of  the 
rock  masonry. 

Laying  Masonry  In  Freezing  Weather 

At  this  period  our  first  heavy  freeze  of  the  fall  hit  us  and  it 
became  necessary  to  erect  a  tent  over  the  work  and  install  a  heater.  Exca- 
vation, in  the  meantime,  had  been  carried  back  into  the  banks  and  wings  were 
now  built  of  the  masonry  to  keep  water  from  going  through  the  earth  around 
the  dam.  A  culvert  pipe  was  laid  in  the  mortar  with  a  controlled  gate  at 
its  upper  end  which  could  later  be  opened  to  flush  out  the  reservoir.  The 
dam  structure  was  carefully  built  around  the  culvert. 

Now  we  had  to  heat  the  rocks,  heat  the  mortar  and  keep  the  temper- 
ature of  the  structure  well  above  the  freezing  point;  still,  the  dam  took 
shape  fast. 

Upon  completion  of  the  job  we  cleaned  up  and  waited  for  the  spring 
run-off.  Sometimes  we  wondered  if  the  snow  water  from  150  sauare  miles 


P7 


VIEWS  OF  THE  WAKPALA  DAM 


The  Wakpala  Dam  Was  Built  Under  Cover  During  A  Severe  Winter 


I 


i 


The  Only  Waterfall  On  The  Standing  Rock  Reservation 


28 


might  not  wash  out  this  little  chunk  of  rock  and  concrete.  But  it  held.   In 
fact,  when  we  had  our  cloudbursts  during  the  first  part  of  June,  the  water  ran 
so  deep  over  the  dam,  there  wasn't  even  a  ripple  where  the  dam  was  -  but  it 
emerged  whole. 

The  Community  Launches  A  Garden 

An  eight-acre  garden  -  large  enough  to  take  care  of  the  community  - 
was  laid  out.  With  the  garden  completed  and  a  water  supply  assured  there  was 
an  enthusiastic  response  to  the  call  of  Farm  Agent  Floyd  Billings  for  garden 
operators.  A  meeting  was  held  of  those  interested;  officers  of  a  garden  as- 
sociation were  elected;  and  an  assessment  of  two  dollars  was  made  against 
each  member  for  operation  of  the  pump.  Plots  of  slightly  less  than  one-half 
acre  each  were  made.  Members  drew  lots  for  the  various  plots. 

One  acre  was  assigned  to  the  twenty  young  members  of  the  4-H  Club. 
It  was  laid  out  in  ten  300-foot  rows.  Since  each  member  took  care  of  a 
transverse  section  of  the  ten-row  strip  and  had  exactly  the  same  vegetables 
in  his  section  as  his  fellow-workers,  the  competition  was  keen. 

Two  garden  plots  were  taken  care  of  by  Smith-Hughes  fellowship 
students  who  applied  the  gardening  knowledge  they  had  learned  at  school.  The 
bulk  of  the  land  was  divided  among  sixteen  families,  each  of  whom  had  their 
own  plot. 

A  wide  variety  of  vegetables  was  raised,  all  of  good  quality.  The 
garden  has  a  strategic  location,  with  hills  and  trees  on  two  sides  to  protect 
it  from  the  hot,  dry  summer  winds.  Some  of  the  local  residents  say  that 
there  was  once  a  sheep  corral  on  the  site;  perhaps  this  accounts  for  the 
phenomenal  growths  obtained. 

Altogether  the  dam  and  its  reservoir  and  the  garden  itself  have 
proved  to  be  entirely  satisfactory.  We  can  recommend  this  type  of  project  to 
other  reservations  with  similar  conditions. 


Wakpala  Irrigation  Site  Being  Leveled 


29 


NEWS  PROM  THE  MUDDY  CREEK  DAY  SCHOOL 


The  Muddy  Creek  Day  School  on  the  Tongue  River  Reservation,   about 
fifteen  miles  west  of  Lame  Deer,   Montana,    is  attended  toy  tooth  Indian  and  white 
children.      It   is  under  Indian  Service  direction. 

The   children  of  the  school  write,    illustrate  and  issue  a  typewritten 
magazine  entitled  "The  Muddy  Creek  Rattler."     Some  excerpts  from  it  follow. 

Vacation  Notes 

My  name   is  Buell  Rotoinson. 

I  am  seven  years  old. 

My  toirthday  is  July  30th. 

I  live  four  miles  from  school. 

I  ride  a  horse  to   school. 

My  sister  rides   too. 

Her  name   is  Dolly. 

We  have  fun  riding  to   school. 

I  am  in  the  second  grade. 


My  name  is  Ervin  Elliot. 

I  am  seven  years  old. 

My  toirthday  is  January  eighth. 

We   tried  to  kill  a  mouse   this  morning. 

The  Priest  is  up  at   the  church. 

I  have  a  horse.      Its  name  is  Shoestring. 

Mickey  is  not  here   this  morning  yet. 

I  like   to  slide  down  hill. 


The  Muddy  Creek  Day  School 


30 


I  played  with  Junie  up  home  with  my  dolls.   Sometimes 
Ervin  makes  his  horse  Duck.  I  like  to  come  to  school.  Junie 
likes  to  ride  Ervin' s  horse.  Sargie  likes  to  make  things  with  a 
hammer.  He  tries  to  make  animals.  He  is  four  years  old.  Junie 
is  three.   I  am  six  years  old.  Loretta  Elliot. 


The  Teacher's  Quarters 


From  The  Eighth  Grade: 


We  had  lots  of  work  to  do  this  summer,  so  we  did  not  get 
down  to  Sheridan  as  we  wanted  to  do.   I  had  lots  of  fun  though.   I 
helped  my  sister  in  the  house.  We  canned  lots  of  fruit.  We  had  to 
cook  for  the  threshers.  We  were  going  to  have  a  picnic  on  the  Fourth 
of  July  "but  it  rained  so  we  couldn't  go.  My  cousins,  Ike  and  George 
Jewell  came  from  Wyoming  to  visit  us.  They  stayed  three  days,  then 
they  had  to  go  hack.  My  father  took  them  to  Colstrip.  My  sister 
Betty  goes  to  Hardin  High  School.  By  Mary  Marie  Rowland. 


I  had  a  lot  of  fun  this  summer.  My  cousin,  Regina  Spang 
stayed  with  us.  She  is  thirteen  years  old  too.  There  was  a  lot 
of  work  hut  we  did  it  up  in  a  hurry.  We  rode  horsehack  and  roped 
calves.   She  stayed  with  us  a  month.  Leona  and  Juanita  Spang  stayed 
with  us  while  they  were  on  their  vacation.  I  went  to  Sheridan  when 
my  "brothers  went  to  school.  We  stayed  four  days.  We  saw  a  circus 
while  we  were  there.   I  "bought  myself  some  clothes  down  there.  By 
Eloise  Elaine  Rohinson. 


31 


Some  Of  The  Cattle  Brands  Used  Near  Muddy  Creek 

I.   D.      -     Interior  or   Indian  Department  ID 

Three   Circle  -  Brown  Land  Cattle   Company  {3j 

Flying  V  ^^ 

Z  Bar  -  Lafe  Elliott        2: 

N  Bar  5  -  P.  G.  Kelly     N  — O 

Reversed  E  4  -  George  Burns     -J+ 

Lazy  E  Y  -  Robert  Burns      U-*  • 

Bar  5  Reversed  D  -  Jimmie  Burns    ~S  d 

2   X  Bar  -  Julia  Burns       2#X~~ 

5  Bar  7   "  biggie  Rowland   S"~7 

C.  F.   -  William  Colhoff    CF 

Reversed  E  lazy  H  -  Ed  Harris    J  ■*- 

v 

£       -  Bill  Harris       3 

Triangle  Bar  5  -  Bee  Robinson    ^~  D 
I  -  Ray  Harris       ^ 

*********** 
RED  SHIRT  TABLE  SIOUX  MAINTAIN  NIGHT  WATCH  TO  SAVE  YOUNG  TURKEYS 
(Excerpt  from  a  report  from  an  Indian  Service  field  worker) 

"The  day  after  this  group  (at  the  Red  Shirt  Table  Community,  Pine 
Ridge  Agency)  received  their  young  turkeys,  a  cloudburst  destroyed  the  poultry 
house  and  washed  away  one-third  of  their  stock.  Undaunted,  they  built  a  new 
house  and  they  have  had  the  remainder  of  their  stock  under  the  continuous 
guard  of  two  members,  night  and  day,  ever  since.   I  chatted  with  the  fine 
looking  old  Indian  couple  who  were  on  guard  at  the  time  of  my  visit.  They 
had  been  much  cheered  by  the  opinion  of  the  State's  pountry  expert  who  had 
just  made  an  inspection  and  pronounced  the  turkeys  the  'finest  birds  in  the 
State.'  This  Indian  group  has  formed  the  nucleus  for  a  stock  growers'  as- 
sociation." 

32 


THE  JEMEZ  YUCCA  RING-BASKET 
By  Ten  Broeck  Williamson 


How  A  Basket  (Mat)  Is  Held 

With  The  Feet  While  It  Is 

Being  Started 


Anna  Maria  Toya  Binding 
The  Edges  Of  The  Mat 
To  The  Ring 


At  Jemez  Peiiblo,  lying  peacefully  below  its  encircling  red  sand- 
stone mesas,  women  are  winnowing  and  washing  wheat  with  baskets  identical  to 
those  made  and  used  by  generations  of  Pueblo  women. 

Within  the  walls  of  their  cool  adobe  houses,  the  women  of  Jemez 
are  carrying  on  New  Mexico's  oldest  industry  -  the  manufacture  of  yucca-ring 
baskets.  Archaeological  evidence  shows  that  during  the  Pueblo  I  period  the 
craft  originated  and  the  technique  was  developed  which  has  been  handed  down 
from  Pueblo  mother  to  daughter  for  more  than  1,500  years. 

The  baskets  consist  of  two  parts,  a  woven  mat  and  a  withe  ring  to 
which  the  mat  is  bound.  Materials  used  are  plentiful  close  to  the  Pueblo  and 


33 


may  be  collected  at  any  time  during  the  year.  Half  a  day's  work  with  an  axe, 
and  a  woman  will  have  gathered  enough  yucca  from  the  hills  around  Jemez  to 
make  fifteen  or  twenty  mats.   The  narrow  leaves  of  young  plants  are  used  for 
small  baskets;  wider  and  longer  leaves  go  into  the  larger  ones.  The  leaves 
weave  better  if  allowed  to  dry  a  little  after  being  cut. 

Along  the  Jemez  River  grow  clumps  of  squaw  bush  (Rhus  Trilobata) 
from  which  withes  are  cut  and  fashioned  into  rings  for  the  rim  around  which 
the  edges  of  the  yucca  mat  are  bound.  While  a  ring  is  drying,  its  ends  are 
bound  with  wire.  When  it  is  dry  enough  to  retain  its  shape  the  wire  is  re- 
moved, the  ends  are  matched,  bound  with  yucca  and  the  ring  is  ready  for  use. 

The  best  basket  maker  at  Jemez  is  Anna  Maria  Toya  who,  despite 
her  many  duties  as  a  housewife,  turns  out  four  or  five  excellent  baskets  a 
week. 

The  mats  are  woven  flat  on  the  floor  and,  until  well  enough  under 
way  to  retain  their  shape,  are  held  in  place  by  the  weaver's  feet.  Three 
yucca  leaves  placed  perpendicularly  across  three  others  form  the  foundation 
upon  which  the  mats  are  woven,  in  an  over  3,  under  3,  technique.  This  produces 
a  pattern  of  series  of  concentric  diamonds.  There  is  no  variation  from  this, 
nor  is  a  two-color  pattern  ever  attempted. 

Practically  all  mats  are  woven  square,  making  round  baskets,  al- 
though occasionally  an  oblong  mat  is  made  which  results  in  an  oval  container. 
When  completed,  a  mat  is  sprinkled  with  water  and  pounded  upon  a  flat  stone 
to  soften  it  before  the  ring  is  placed. 

Selecting  a  ring  whose  diameter  comes  well  within  that  of  a  finished 
mat,  Anna  Maria  slips  the  ring  under  the  mat  and,  standing  in  the  center,  pulls 
the  ring  up  until  only  the  ends  of  the  yucca  extend  above  it.  These  protruding 
ends  are  bent  around  the  squaw  bush  ring  and  are  bound  to  themselves  with 
strands  of  split  yucca  leaf,  kept  pliable  in  a  bucket  of  water.  The  ends  are 
clipped  evenly  all  around  and  the  basket  is  ready  for  use.  Occasionally  small 
baskets  are  fitted  with  a  flat  handle  formed  by  braiding  six  strands  of  yucca 
and  fastening  it  to  the  rim. 

Sturdy  and  well-made,  with  enough  elasticity  to  take  the  strain  of 
heavy  loads,  the  average  basket  will  stand  five  to  ten  years  of  ordinary  use. 
According  to  Anna  Maria,  baskets  first  wear  out  on  the  inside,  just  below  the 
rim.  Shapes  vary  from  3  to  30  inches  in  diameter,  although  18  to  26  inches  is 
the  average.  Baskets  within  this  range  are  preferred  by  Jemez  women  for  winnow- 
ing and  washing  wheat,  for  holding  shelled  corn  and  for  all  the  other  tasks 
for  which  the  baskets  are  so  useful. 

Jemez  people,  however,  are  not  alone  in  their  fondness  for  and  use 
of  their  baskets.  Puebloans  from  as  far  away  as  Laguna  and  Acoma  come  to  Jemez 


34 


to  trade  mutton  and  grain,  beads  and  blankets  for  them.   White  residents  use 
them  for  wood  baskets  and  tourists  find  them  useful  and  substantial  souvenirs, 


Anna  Maria  Toya  Standing  With 
Some  Of  Her  Finished  Baskets 


(This  article  was  reprinted  with  permission  from  El  Palacio,  week- 
ly review  of  arts  and  sciences  in  the  archaeological  Southwest,  which  is 
published  by  the  School  of  American  Research,  the  University  of  New  Mexico 
and  the  Museum  of  New  Mexico.) 


PERSONNEL  CHANGES 


Richard  M.  Tisinger  was  transferred  to  the  Phoenix  School  at  Phoenix, 
Arizona  on  October  1,  1937  as  Superintendent  of  Indian  Schools  in  Charge. 
Sharon  R.  Mote,  principal,  is  serving  as  special  disbursing  agent. 

Recent  transfers  of  land  field  workers  are  as  follows: 

Fred  A.  Baker,  lend  field  agent,  goes  from  Billings,  Montana  to 
Sacramento,  California;  E.  M.  Johnson  has  been  transferred  from  Sacramento 
to  Billings;  and  Rex  H.  Barnes  and  Clyde  W.  Flynn  have  been  transferred  from 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota  to  Muskogee,  Oklahoma  to  work  under  Mr.  George  G.  Wren, 
in  charge  of  land  purchase  work  for  Oklahoma. 

Lee  Muck,  who  has  been  serving  as  Acting  Director  of  Forestry,  has 
been  appointed  Director. 


35 


CCC  TORE  CENTERS  AROUND  SOIL  SAVING  AT  SHAWNEE,  OKLAHOMA. 
By  Robert  Keokuk,  Senior  Foreman 


During  the  past  year  CCC  work  at  the  Shawnee  Agency  -  which  in- 
cludes the  Sac  and.   Fox,  Kickapoo,  Iowa  and  Potawatomi  Reservations  -  has 
centered  around  soil  conservation.  The  illustrations  show  the  physical  work 
being  done,  which  includes  terracing  to  prevent  soil  washing  and  check  dams 
to  heal  the  gullies  in  fields  which  have  already  been  damaged  by  erosion. 
The  physical  operations  have  been  supplemented  by  educational  work, in  which 
the  Indians  have  shown  great  interest. 

So  far,  the  physical  improvements  have  held  up  under  heavy  rains 
and  maintenance  costs  have  been  low. 


Type  Of  Construction  Now  Being  Done 
At  Shawnee  -  Oklahoma 


36 


Reservoir  Construction  At  Shawnee  -  Oklahoma 


An  All-Indian  Crew  Building  Terraces  -  Shawnee 


37 


A  STORY  OF  INDIAN  FIDELITY  TO  A  PROMISE  MADE  ONE  HUNDRED 
AND  EIGHTY-TWO  YEARS  AGO 
By  Joseph  Henry  Kilbuck 

Here  is  an  incident  based  on  historical  fact,  which  reveals  Indian 
fidelity  to  a  promise  kept  through  the  years.  At  the  battle  of  Braddock1 s 
Defeat  in  the  French  and  Indian  War,  a  young  Delaware  -  Chief  Gelelemend, 
later  called  Kilbuck  by  the  whites  -  fought  with  the  French  forces.  During 
the  height  of  the  battle,  in  which  the  British  General  Braddock  was  mortally 
wounded,  the  young  Indian  brave  also  fell,  seriously  wounded.  While  Gelele- 
mend  lay  helpless  on  the  ground,  a  detachment  of  infuriated  British  soldiers, 
with  fixed  bayonets,  surrounded  the  wounded  youth  and  were  on  the  verge  of 
killing  him  when  Major  Henry,  at  the  risk  of  his  own  life,  saved  the  life  of 
the  chief.  Major  Henry  and  George  Washington,  who  later  saved  Braddock' s 
army  from  complete  annihilation,  were  members  of  the  colonial  forces,  but  had 
been  assigned  to  assist  General  Braddock  in  his  attempt  to  capture  Fort  Du- 
que  sne . 

This  act  of  mercy,  so  unusual  in  all  Indian  warfare,  not  only  touched 
the  heartstrings  of  Chief  Gelelemend,  but  those  of  the  great  Delaware,  Chief 
Ifetawatwes,  a  counsellor  of  his  nation  and  the  grandfather  of  the  rescued  youth. 
Shortly  a  great  council  meeting  was  called  by  Chief  Netawatwes.   In  the  pres- 
ence of  a  large  audience  of  his  own  people  the  chief  told  the  story  of  the 
rescue  of  his  grandson  Gelelemend.   In  the  glow  of  dimly  burning  council  fires, 
Chief  Netawatwes  made  a  vow. 

"As  long  as  the  name  Gelelemend  (Kilbuck)  lives,  the  name  Henry 
will  live  with  it,  in  honor  of  Major  Henry  who  rescued  my  grandson  -  your 
Chief  Gelelemend." 

Chief  Gelelemend  was  confirmed  into  the  Moravian  Church  as  William 
Henry,  but  was  more  freauently  known  as  William  Henry  Kilbuck.  His  three 
sons,  John,  Charles  and  Christian,  were  all  named  Henry  to  fulfill  the  vow  of 
their  grandfather.   In  the  historic  little  graveyard  at  Goshen,  Ohio,  beside 
the  grave  of  the  noted  Moravian  Missionary,  Zeisberger,  may  be  found  the 
grave  of  a  Delaware  chief,  with  this  simple  inscription  on  the  stone  marker: 

Gelelemend  -  William  Henry. 

This  tradition, which  originated  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
before  the  American  Colonies  gained  their  independence,  is  entering  its  one 
hundred  and  eighty-second  year.   It  had  its  origin  in  1755  and  during  this 
period  seven  generations  have  kept  its  observance  faithfully. 

Since  the  beginning  of  this  custom,  the  direct  lineage  of  the  chief- 
hood  of  Gelelemend  have  used  Henry  as  a  middle  name  for  both  male  and  female 
members  of  the  Kilbuck  family.  We  live  far  from  the  Delaware  country  now  - 
our  home  is  in  Hood  River,  Oregon  -  but  all  of  our  children  bear  the  middle 
name  of  Henry. 

38 


C.C.O.  ON  THE  SAN  CABLOS  INDIAN  RESERVATION  -  CAMP  NUMBER  8 

San  Carlos  Agency,  Arizona. 
By  Louis  Moses,  Apache  Indian  Leader 


(This  story  was  written  some  months  ago.  Since  writing  it,  Louis 
Moses  has  "been  advanced  to  the  status  of  Leader.  He  completed  the  Red  Cross 
first  aid  course  at  Phoenix  and  now  carries  an  instructor's  card.  Moses  was 
nominated  as  a  member  of  the  San  Carlos  Apache  Tribal  Council,  "but  was  too 
young  to  accept  the  nomination.    CCC  gave  him  his  start.) 


Warm  Springs  Family  Camp 

This  camp  has  been  going  right  along  fine.  Camp  Number  8  has  most- 
ly boys.  Of  course,  we  have  some  few  married  men. 

This  camp  is  known  best  for  building  good  fences;  also,  some  other 
work,  such  as  truck  trails,  horse  trails  and  dams.  During  the  month  of  June, 
July  and  August  we  builded  a  fence  or  reservation  line  about  twenty  miles 
through  rough  and  mountainous  country  along  the  Gila  Rim.  We  made  it  real 
good;  not  even  a  rabbit  could  go  through.  We  are  very  glad  that  we  made  it 


39 


good,  so  our  parents'  cattle  can't  be  driven  out  again,  or  wander  around  and 
go  through  the  fence  to  white  man's  land.  Nowadays,  the  cattle  are  very 
happy  "because  we  put  up  several  troughs  and  dams.  They  come  around  and 
quench  their  thirst. 

During  summer  we  had  about  eighty  boys  and  so  we  organized  a  base- 
ball team.  They  were  all  good  ball  players.   Some  claimed  themselves  as  Babe 
Huth.  Last  summer  we  had  a  tournament  with  other  camps  and  we  beat  them 
all  because  our  boys  were  fast  and  heavy  hitters.  We  became  champions. 

Other  games  we  have  are  checkers,  dominoes,  horseshoes,  and  cards. 
Now  we  are  playing  football  and  we  are  hoping  that  we  beat  them  all  again. 
We  are  also  playing  basket  ball  and  we  seem  to  be  fast.  Of  course,  we  all 
make  zips  through  the  basket  ball  ring  and  I'm  sure  it's  going  to  be  hard  for 
other  teams  to  beat  us. 

Most  of  all,  the  boys  are  real  champions  at  the  table I 

At  night  we  -out  up  our  Indian  dances.  Some  of  them  do  the  singing, 
while  others  are  dancing  -  boy  and  girl.  We  don't  really  have  girls,  but 
we  make  ourselves  as  girls  by  putting  pretty  blankets  around  us.  After  the 
dance  we  all  go  to  dream  and  find  ourselves  as  fresh  as  a  rosy  apple  in  the 
morning  when  we  wake  up. 

The  boys  are  very  glad  when  payday  comes  because  they  are  then  able 
to  buy  many  things  they  need  most. 

The  foreman  of  this  camp  is  John  A.  Weldon.  He  has*  stayed  with 
this  camp  for  three  years.  He  is  a  very  good  man;  all  the  Indians  like  him. 

Since  this  work  has  begun,  men  and  boys  have  bought  many  good  things 
-  saddle  horses,  tents  and  equipment.  Some  of  the  boys  of  this  camp  are  rodeo 
champions.  I  guess  married  mens  support  their  families,  while  we  single  boys 
support  our  parents  and  ourselves. 

We  all  hope  that  this  work  will  last  longer  because  we  are  getting 
so  much  good  things  done. 


WHO'S  WHO 

Mr.  Ten  Broeck  Williamson,  whose  article  entitled  "The  Jemez  Yucca 
Ring-Basket"  appears  on  page  33  of  this  issue,  is  a  graduate  of  the  Department 
of  Anthropology  of  the  University  of  California  and  is  now  employed  by  the  Soil 
Conservation  Service. 


40 


TWO  SURVIVORS  OF  THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  LITTLE  BIG  HORN 
By  Frank  White  Buffalo  Man  (Great  Grandson  Of  Sitting  Bull) 


One  Bull 


White  Bull 


Among  the  few  survivors  of  the  Battle  of  the  Little  Big  Horn  are 
Henry  Oscar  One  Bull  and  Joseph  White  Bull,  "blood  brothers.  One  Bull  lives 
on  the  Standing  Rock  Reservation  at  Little  Eagle,  South  Dakota;  White  Bull's 
home  is  at  Cherry  Creek,  South  Dakota,  on  the  Cheyenne  River  Reservation. 

One  Bull,  now  eighty-four,  has  a  pictograph,  or  illuminated  map 
which  shows  the  story  of  the  battle. 

White  Bull,  his  brother,  believes  that  he  may  have  fired  the  shot 
that  killed  Custer.  He  says,  "A  soldier  fired  at  me  and  nearly  hit  me  and 
I  killed  him.  Afterwards  other  braves  said  that  man  was  Custer." 


41 


Paintings  of  the  battle  which  depict  Custer  as  making  a  last  stand 
with  just  a  handful  of  soldiers  are  inaccurate,  according  to  white  Bull.  He 
says  Custer  was  killed  when  the  tattle  was  about  half  over.   "We  did  not  know 
where  the  soldiers  were  until  three  days  before  the  battle.  Then  scouts 
brought  us  word."  There  were  about  800  braves,  he  says,  who  attacked  Custer. 
It  was  in  the  morning  when  they  attacked  and  before  noon  it  was  over. 

White  Bull,  who,  according  to  General  Nelson  A.  Miles,  was  the 
fiercest  of  them  all,  is  now  in  his  eighty-seventh  year.  His  eyes  are  clear; 
his  step  is  steady;  his  voice  is  strong.  Only  his  hearing  has  failed  him. 


(Note:  Photographs  of  One  Bull  and  White  Bull  were  used  with  the  permission 
of  Frank  Fiske  of  Fort  Yates,  North  Dakota.) 


CCC  -  ID  HELPS  _IN  TICK  ERADICATION  ON  ALABAMA  AND  COUSHATTA  RESERVATION.  TEXAS 

By  J.  E.  Farley,  Agent 

In  1934  and  1935,  we  constructed,  with  CCC  funds,  a  range  fence 
around  the  entire  reservation,  twenty- three  miles  in  length.   It  has  proved 
its  value  in  many  ways,  especially  in  fighting  cattle  ticks. 

This  area  has  been  heavily  infested  with  ticks  and  they  were  spread- 
ing into  the  clean  counties  nearby.  The  state  and  the  federal  government  are 
working  together  to  eradicate  the  ticks  and  to  prevent  their  spread.  Early 
in  1937  a  dipping  vat  was  built  on  the  reservation  and  in  May  the  dinping  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  mules  began.   In  this  county  we  are  required  to  dip  every 
fourteen  days  for  at  least  nine  months.  Because  we  have  an  enclosed  area  and 
keep  our  fence  repaired  and  since  we  have  been  able  to  see  that  every  animal 
is  dipped  regularly,  it  is  likely  that  our  reservation  can  be  released  as  a 
clean  area  at  the  end  of  the  nine  months.   Stock  owners  in  the  remainder  of 
the  county  may  have  to  dip  for  several  years.  Most  of  our  white  neighbors 
have  sold  all  of  their  beef  cattle  because  they  were  running  on  the  open 
range  and  it  was  too  much  trouble  to  pen  them  up  for  dipping  every  fourteen 
days.  Without  our  range  fence  we  should  have  had  the  same  difficulty. 

As  the  dipping  program  had  been  carefully  explained  to  our  Indians 
several  months  before  it  actually  took  place,  they  have  entered  into  it  with 
willingness  and  enthusiasm.   In  fact,  the  live-stock  dipping  has  not  only 
been  an  educational  experience  but  a  source  of  amusement  as  well. 

Some  of  the  boys  have  learned  roping,  throwing  and  tying  calves 
through  the  bi-weekly  round-up  and  soon  the  idea  of  a  rodeo  was  born.  After 
each  dipping  the  men  began  putting  on  a  rodeo  for  their  families  and  for  the 
Fourth  of  July  the  Indians  put  on  a  real  rodeo  -  the  first  in  the  history  of c 
their  tribe.  Judging  from  the  enthusiasm  it  aroused,  I  am  sure  it  will  not 
be  the  last. 

42 


N0TL5     FR.OM     WEEKLY     PROGRESS    REPORTS    OF 
CIVILIAN    CONSERVATION    CORPS  ~  INDIAN    DIVISION 


Fence  Work  Progresses  At  Mesca- 
lero  (New  Mexico)  Work  was  resumed 
where  it  was  left  off  last  week.  Ev- 
erything went  about  as  usual  with 
the  crew  doing  its  work  as  hard  as 
it  could  be  expected.  We  have  come 
to  the  end  of  the  work  with  the  com- 
pletion of  5-3/4  miles  of  steer 
pasture  fence.  We  like  the  fence 
job  very  much  although  we  have  had 
some  difficulties  in  places  along 
the  fence  line.  We  managed  to  over- 
come these  difficulties  without  too 
much  trouble.  J.  A.  Montoya. 

Spillway  Work  At  Standing  Rock 
(North  Dakota)  The  work  for  the 
week  on  Project  #122-179  consisted 
of  moving  dirt  out  of  the  core  by 
use  of  the  drag  line,  driving  pil- 
ing for  cut-off  wall  in  the  end  of 
the  core  that  has  been  completed, 
and  cutting  the  spillway. 

The  work  has  been  progressing 
nicely  and  all  men  connected  with 
this  project  are  putting  forth  every 
effort  to  complete  this  project  and 
complete  it  in  the  best  possible 
manner  as  it  will  be,  when  completed, 
the  largest  earth  dam  on  the  reser- 
vation. Ambro se  Shields,  Timekeeper. 

District  And  Boundary  Fence 
Maintenance  At  Sells  (Arizona)  Prog- 
ress was  very  satisfactory  this  week. 
The  crew  completed  maintenance  on 
ten  miles  of  fence  on  the  East  bound- 
ary over  very  rough  and  mountainous 
country. 

Some  of  the  old  wire  flood  gates 
were  washed  out  and  had  to  be  repaired 
and  replaced.  Albert  R.  Ellis. 


Truck  Trail  Construction  At 
Fort  Tot ten  (North  Dakota)  The  East 
End  Truck  Trail  has  been  surveyed 
and  plans  are  being  submitted  to  the 
District  Office  for  approval.  One 
dangerous  "Y"  has  been  widened  and 
graveled  to  insure  greater  safety 
when  turning  on  the  main  road-  Two 
"close  calls"  by  a  government  em- 
ployee prompted  us  to  do  this. 
Christian  A.  Huber.  Junior  Engineer. 

Varied  Activities  At  Uintah  & 
Ouray  (Utah)  The  carpenter  crew  has 
started  building  tent  frames.  The 
kitchen  and  dining  room  tents  are  al- 
most ready  for  occupancy;  this  will 
give  the  cook  more  room,  as  well  as 
the  boys  while  eating. 

Project  #301:   The  road  crew 
has  been  handicapped  by  having  to 
do  a  lot  of  work  which  the  caterpil- 
lar could  have  done,  but  they  are 
showing  very  good  cooperation. 

Volley  ball  and  horseshoe  pitch- 
ing are  the  interests  when  not  on 
hikes  and  strolls.  Exploring  the 
ancient  rock  houses  will  always  be 
of  interest  as  well  as  going  on  hikes 
or  just  listening  to  the  radio. 

In  general,  the  project  on  Hill 
Creek  will,  in  the  near  future,  be 
able  to  show  results.  Now  the  work 
is  rather  slow.  At  present  it  is 
just  the  beginning.  Starting  the 
work  on  a  new  reservation  seems  to 
be  the  hardest.  Phillip  Arkansas, 
Sub-Foreman. 

Boundary  Fence  Construction 
Progressing  At  Mission  (California) 


43 


The  South  and  East  Boundary  fenc- 
ing of  the  reservation  in  Black  Can- 
yon has  been  completed  and  the  fence 
crew  is  working  on  the  North  Boundary. 
The  West  Boundary  is  on  a  rough  and 
steep  hillside  and  the  brush  is  so 
thick  that  fence  is  not  needed  as  far 
as  cattle  drifting  is  concerned.  The 
adjoining  ground  is  National  Forest 
and  we  have  planned  to  omit  this  fence. 

On  spring  development,  the  first 
spring  has  been  abandoned  because  in 
order  to  get  a  good  flow,  we  would 
have  to  go  outside  the  boundary.  So 
we  are  trying  another  site  below. 
James  F.  O'Connor. 

Garage  Maintenance  At  Navajo 
(Chin  Lee)  (Arizona)  The  enrollees 
and  personnel  of  the  garage  at  Chin 
Lee  have  been  working  earnestly  on 
the  trucks  and  cars  this  past  week. 
The  difference  between  the  cars  and 
trucks  when  they  come  into  the  gar- 
age and  when  they  go  out,  looks  as  if 
the  boys  are  doing  a  good  job  on  all 
of  them. 

I  have  not  been  working  here 
very  long,  but  from  the  way  things 
look,  I  think  the  men  and  boys  work 
together  fine.  Benny  Taylor,  Asst. 
Leader. 

Dam  Development  At  Rosebud 
( South  Dakota)  A  group  of  men  spent 
the  week  in  compiling  data  and  mak- 
ing tracings  of  the  Okreek  Dam.  These 
tracings  are  to  be  sent  to  Billings 
to  aid  the  Billings  Office  in  design- 
ing the  cut-off  for  this  dam. 

Two  springs  were  located  but  de- 
velopment of  neither  is  feasible. 
The  remainder  of  the  week  was  spent 
in  inspecting  the  projects  now  under 
construction.  E.  E.  Caddes. 


Construction  Soon  To  Begin  At 
Pima  (Arizona)  For  the  reason  that 
a  considerable  percentage  of  the  In- 
dian enrollees  are  still  busy  with 
farm  work,  construction  projects 
have  been  purposely  delayed.  After 
another  ten  days,  farm  work  will  be 
mostly  completed  and  during  that 
time  the  engineering  field  work 
will  also  be  completed  and  real 
construction  work  can  then  be  started 
advantageously  to  all. 

The  weather  is  still  extremely 
hot  but  we  have  been  getting  some 
rain  and  as  the  days  are  also  much 
shorter,  cooler  weather  is  now  in 
sight.   Clyde  H.  Packer,  Project 
Manager . 

Trail  Repair  At  Colorado  River 
(Arizona)  We  have  changed  the  work 
and  are  now  repairing  the  trail 
from  the  highway  to  the  Fort  Mohave 
Day  School;  then  through  the  middle 
of  the  reservation  to  the  old  Fort 
Mohave  Boarding  School.  The  road 
became  very  rough  because  of  the 
lack  of  rain.  F.  M.  Parker. 

Truck  Trail  Maintenance  At 
Hoopa  Valley  (California)  Two 
crews  and  both  bulldozers  are  work- 
ing on  truck  trail  maintenance. 
Work  is  being  done  on  the  Mail  Truck 
Trail  and  the  Big  Hill  Trail.  The 
Big  Hill  crew  will  move  to  the  Mill 
Creek  Truck  Trail  shortly.   It  is 
hoped  to  have  all  truck  trails  in 
good  shape  prior  to  the  winter  rains 
ao  as  to  prevent  any  great  damage 
and  lessen  the  work  in  the  spring. 

A  crew  of  men  began  work  on 
the  Grasshopper  Horse  Trail  Proj- 
ect. This  is  a  new  project.  The 
men  living  on  Bald  Hill  have  been 
picked  for  this  crew  as  most  of 


44 


then  live  near  the  work  and  this 
eliminates  hauling  the  crew  any- 
great  distance. 

We  are  happy  to  report  that  no 
fires  took  place  on  the  reservation 
during  the  week.   Some  "burning  seems 
to  "be  going  on  by  the  sheepmen  in 
the  Bald  Hills  country  "but  there  is 
no  danger  of  its  coming  on  the  re- 
servation. Patrick  I.   Rogers,  As- 
sistant Clerk. 

Work  Progressing  On  Happy  Val- 
ley Dam  At  Warm  Springs  (Oregon) One 
acre  of  "brush  has  "been  cleared  and 
piled  this  week.  We  are  having 
good  weather  and  the  work  is  progress- 
ing nicely.  P.  Murdock. 

Fire  Hazard  Reduction  Work  At 
Pine  Ridge  (South  Dakota)  The  crew 
is  still  working  on  the  reduction 
of  fire  hazards  along  the  truck 
trail  in  the  east  end  of  the  buffalo 
pasture  at  the  Allen  Camp. 

There  are  a  couple  of  men  who 
were  hired  to  maintain  the  fire- 
break around  the  buffalo  pasture. 
They  are  plowing  and  dragging  the 
fireguard.  Louie  Reynolds,  Junior 
Foreman. 

Irrigation  Work  At  Rocky  Boy's 
(Montana)  The  main  diversion  ditch 
from  Box  Elder  Creek  to  the  Brown 
Dam  is  nearly  finished.  This  ditch 


carries  most  of  the  water  for  the 
irrigation  below  the  Brown  Dam. 

The  engine  room  for  our  new 
light  plant  was  given  two  coats  of 
white  paint  on  the  inside  and  a 
coat  of  cream  color  paint  on  the 
outside.  William  W.  Hyde,  Project 
Manager . 

Garage  Almost  Complete  At  Pierre 
Indian  School  (South  Dakota)  In  a 
few  more  days  our  garage  will  be  com- 
pleted. That  is,  the  walls,  roof, 
and  doors  will  be  completed.  We  have 
it  all  stuccoed  inside  and  outside 
and  it  looks  very  nice.  We  e^ect 
to  level  up  our  floor  inside  and  use 
it  for  a  while  to  get  it  well-packed 
before  running  cement  in. 

The  excavation  is  well  under  way 
for  the  cottage  and  we  will  put  up 
frames  and  run  forms  next  week.  We 
also  hope  to  raise  part  of  the  brick 
during  the  coming  week.  _S.  J.  Wood. 

Activities  At  Keshena  (Wisconsin) 
Many  of  the  CCC  boys  attended  the 
County  Fair  where  they  had  a  good 
time.  The  reservation  booth  was  a 
big  attraction  at  the  Fair. 

The  Shawano  County  Fair  inter- 
upted  the  progress  on  some  projects. 
The  men  were  permitted  to  lay  off 
and  attend  the  fair  for  one  day.  W. 
Ridlington,  Project  Manager* 


45 


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